Education looks like the hot topic for this year's legislative session, with a special urgency about teacher pay and treatment. The Observer and PNC Bank are hosting a "Solving It Together" forum on May 5, the week before the session starts, to talk about teacher compensation.
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| Cameron |
Meanwhile, I'm working on a package that will try to move the discussion past wheel-spinning and broad generalities to get some discussion going about real options, what they might cost and where we can find the money.
The forum is from 7-9 p.m. at CPCC's Pease Auditorium. Click here to register and suggest questions. I'll be there covering the discussion, so I hope to see some of you there.
In North Carolina, the showing is part of a "Moral Movies" series that will run in Charlotte and other cities over the next four months. The state NAACP and the Wilmington-based Working Films are co-sponsoring the series.
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80 comments:
And not one teacher on the panel.
...Meanwhile, I'm working on a package that will try to move the discussion past wheel-spinning and broad generalities to get some discussion going about real options...
...so bringing the NAACP and Matt Damon into the discussion will get past "wheel-spinning"?
Seriously?
We have been talking for seven years. Give teacher's their pay back. Add a 3% for inflation and lets move on. I would rather pay teachers then half the crap Raleigh waste money on.
Let's talk outrageous spending on non value added items, and disparity in salaries first at CMS, then we can find plenty of money for raises.
But of course those raises should be based on results.
Something everyone is so concerned that Charter Schools do, but for some reason overlook CMS and systems like them.
7 years without a pay raise and loss of benefits is the definition of a dead end job. This is why I would not let my children go to school to become teachers, especially in the south.
6:40, Erlene Lyde teaches at West Charlotte High.
Wiley, I tried to make it clear that the movie series is not linked to the Observer event, other than having a similar topic.
What is so frustrating is that our votes no longer matter in the gerrymandered legislative districts we have in this state. I would like to explore recreating legislative districts in a way that mandates 40% of registered voters are Democrats and 40% are registered Republicans. The people in the middle decide. The maps could not look any more strange than they do now. That should take care of some of the extremism in the parties. It might produce some real solutions on education and other major issues.
Talk Talk Talk. I just kind attend another " talk" session! Worthless! Honor the promise made! Put us back where we are supposed to be on the promised salary scale and stop this political showmanship! NO- I will not attend! I want to see action and fairness!
Why do I get the feeling that Teacher Raise money is being flitted away sending buearcrats to Hawaii and Las Vegas to 'learn out new trends in teaching?'
Check out Milton Freedman for a few ideas on where to get the money.
http://www.edchoice.org/
He saw these problems coming decades before others...
http://www.edchoice.org/the-friedmans/the-friedmans-on-school-choice/what-s-wrong-with-our-schools-.aspx
in "a bureaucratic system...increase in expenditure will be matched by fall in production...
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The money is there. It's just being allocated to feed the bureaucracy instead of paying teachers.
Pay what it takes to encourage good people to become (and stay) in teaching and cut the bureaucracy.
And not the other way around where we encourage and reward bureaucrats, while dumping on teachers.
Pay enough and you can select from the the best for teaching.
Teacher pay should be an easy decision. Cut the bloated CMS bureaucracy. Put money and resources on the front line - the classroom. End of discussion.
Heath, do the right thing at make some cuts at the top, show the community that you are committed to the teachers and the students in the classrooms.
Ann, maybe you can ask the geniuses that run CMS why less than 40% of the budget goes to teacher compensation.
Hey, South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia do not have this problem. Just NC.. I travel all over and no none seems to have as much trouble paying teachers as NC.. The Democrats couldn't figure it out and said "we need more studies". Now the Republicans are doing the same. If we would of not had all theses panels, studies and testing, we would have had money to give teacher raises. I am tired of loosing good teachers to other states. I love my kids school but if we keep losing teachers, it will not be the same school. I understood loosing teachers to the north but to South Carolina!!! What is going on?
It would be nice if the US respected and paid teachers more.
Heath, maybe that's something you could really be "progressive" on, not just push the teaching trend du jour. Put the money on the frontline and cut the big CMS bureaucracy. Then I imagine YOU would get more respect from the teachers and the community.
Just returned from a weeklong seminar in Central Europe. Amazing teachers in History, Art and Architecture. Couldn't happen here.
Why?
Age.
One teacher in mid seventies, one in mid sixties.
In this state there is no value in multilingual/motivational teaching skills with real world experience over the age of 35. Living through Communist oppression and corruption?
What's that?
We don't need teachers.
Facilitators will suffice.
Pearson and Discovery Channel will gladly bring electronic curriculum and professional Common Core testing to your students and our former superintendent will gladly provide the tablets sans Gorilla Glass.
Shamash was right.
Pay enough to get the best.
Won't happen here.
Never has,
Never will.
Corporationism is the new king.
.
IF FIREFIGHTERS WERE FUNDED LIKE TEACHERS…
If firefighters were equipped and funded like teachers; the siren would go off, the crews rush to the fire and then the fire captain would say, “Team, we don’t have the money to fight this fire. I hope you all drank a lot of beer last night. Now drop your pants and let’s get this blaze under control."
Bolyn McClung
Pineville
.
Ann, I dare you to initiate a conversation about the added value that the huge administrative staffs bring to education. From my perspective they represent a Napolean complex on the part of superintendents, i.e., the bigger his staff, the more power the super has. I think the sad state of our educational system is largely due to ineffective, wrong headed top administrators who set primary interests are themselves.
Interesting that they're going to talk about teacher pay at a place where 75% of the teachers are part-time employees.
How about cut the salaries of the central office staff members who do nothing but create more work for the teachers. If this would happen, then there would be more money to hire teachers and pay us better!
Two things to remember here.
One, all this pressure the CO and others are trying to place on the charter school movement is all about suppressing a group that is capable of high performing. They are trying to keep everyone from exceeding the capability of the lowest common denominator. They know there is not enough money to get the performance of all the high poverty students up to any others. It is all about cowtowing to the racebaiters in this group and getting thier ego stroked in the news media.
Two, they know all this PR spin these days is about getting more money blindly thrown at public education because they know most of it will fall in the beauracy and thus have a good chance of having a minority added to the overhead and getting on the poublic dole.
Why is is Virginia doing some much better at competition and teacher pay then us? Why is my daughter's teacher, who was born, raised and educated in North Carolina leaving to teach in Virginia? How has South Carolina become better at teacher pay then us? Are we the new Mississippi?
Tricia Cotham and Rob Bryan are former teachers
This problem has been along time coming and now has caught up with the state. The question is quite simple, where does our priorities exist? There is only so much money to go around and paying for public eduction (including teachers' raises) is investing into our future. Right now, Dr. Morrison is requesting an across the board raise for all school personnel. My suggestion is more targeted (if allowed under state law). Those workers making $69,999 should be eligible for a 3% pay increase. All other employees making $70,000 or more are not eligible. Those additional funds now saved from not providing an across the board to all employees can be better targeted to teaching instructional staff. This would be in addition to the 3% increase for all employees making less than $70,000.
This targeted approach benefits only those employees that will provide the biggest financial impact to their persoanl situation. Yet the additional increase for teaching personnel would show that the district cares and realizes that if Raleigh can't step up then the county/board of education will do what is necessary.
TO: ANON 1:38PM
Subject: Virginia
Yes, teachers make more in the home state of Thomas Jefferson. However, look at what has happened to get there.
Virginia state and local agencies are taking advantage of the Obamacare floor of 30 hrs. School system after school is funding good teacher pay by subscribing to 29hr limits for support staff.
Heck, even the Virginia Employment Division is going the 29 hour route.
Will North Carolina school districts and counties be next in line to drop more than just a few employees to Temp and Part-time status?
Would you support cutting other State and county employees so that teachers are paid more?
Tough question.
Bolyn McClung
Pineville
.
I think there would be much more taxpayer support for increasing teacher pay if the state required that 60 per cent or so of the school's budget go to teachers. These huge bureacracies have not been shown to improve educational output. I would like to know how much the US spends per student on the bureacracies vs other countries with better and more efficient outcomes. Our gigantic urban school systems are inefficient and ineffective. The kids suffer; the bureaucrats prosper. Demand that the bureacracies be cut by 10 per cent Nd use the savings for teacher increase. CHALLENGE the current business model. It isn't working for anybody but Heath and his buddies.
Tillis has been in power for about 4 years now.. I am not surprised teachers have not received a raise. I have bee looking at the salaries, what will 3% do? Without steps, its all kind of a waste. My buddies wife is a teacher, what were doing is wrong.
South Carolina, slow and steady... No need to jump on all these trends. We promised our teachers a pay plan and stuck with it. Teachers can plan for their futures and we can plan on having teachers. They are not making a killing but compare pay, taxes and cost of living, they are killing NC. Go Gamecocks!!!
Tillis has cut teachers and North Carolina short. Now he is going to try and run off to the senate.. Not in my name son. I voted for these jokers hoping to get commonsense solutions. My grandchild now has to leave the state so she can earn a living doing what what she was born to do. Teach
Republicans and Democrats used to both work with teachers to get the job done in NC. Now its seems to be carpet bagging career politicians vs teachers. Its strange, teachers in NC don't really have a voice. They are not in a powerful union. My next door neighbors son is a teacher. He doesn't belong to any union or association. He said that he doesn't no anyone who does. He said that they can't strike and there is no collective bargaining. Why does Tillis and Mcory have such anger towards teachers? I no Bev didn't do anything to help teachers but come on 7 years of this. A man has a family to think of. What happened to Pat? From what I have read, this is Tillis MO, but Pat was a good mayor.
Sorry about the error's, texting and jogging is hard;)
I agree but Raleigh is in charge of teachers pay.. Mcory, Tillis and Burger need to do something, don't hold your breath.
Teachers in this state pay over 7000 dollars a year for health insurance for their families and it's only 70/30. My nephew had to pay 7000 out of pocket for some complications with his daughter's birth. How can a man who has been teaching for 11yrs and is only making 40 thousand dollars a year supposed to support his family. He still has thousands of dollars in student loans to payoff. How can he plan for the future? He pays towards his pension but he will not be able to retire if he is still making 40 thousand dollars in another 7 years. Think 7 years!!! NC can do better then this.
Not bad Ben Cook,
Maybe Dave Gettleman could assist CMS using NFL/Panthers salary cap logic on the bloated middle management and communications layer? Release the majority from their "contracts" and let them become free agents. Can't imagine there being much trade value except to Guilford County or assorted contractual vendors. Then sign a few journeyman retired school teachers to one year contracts and repeat every year. They're used to juggling 150 students at one time. This scenario complements of Teach for America.
Yes
What?
funny thing, if the CMS bureacrats didn't show up for work tomorrow, the school houses would run just fine and the teachers would do their jobs.
fyi, teachers don't want to talk about teacher pay anymore.
I agree, I have taught in two of them. When I first started teaching, the association of governors decide it was a good idea to consolidate district's. Men like Jeb Bush and other's believed making districts bigger would draw in suburbs making schools better in the inner city. The university of Indiana did a study that proved other wise. Smaller more agile school districts with local accountability where cheaper and produced a better product.
They need to break these districts up. Give teachers a raise and move on.
It will never happen.. NC is so top down. It doesn't matter who is in power. I couldn't believe when Mcory got into power he went after teachers. All the waist in Raleigh and downtown CMS. I like my kids teachers, I don't like the central office. When I saw Tillis laughing after cutting teacher benefits, I new I voted for the wrong people. I don't much care about politics but my sister is a teacher. She works hard and doesn't deserve to be laughed at.
Federal government should be military and highways. States should be schools.. Schools that support teachers and students. Pay teachers, fire half of Raleigh and get rid of CMS downtown crowd.
I agree, retired teachers not bureaucrats. Heat and Tillis both need to go back to were they came from. Mabey then Mcory will remember where he is from.
MOrrison
How can you want an across the board 3% raise? Did your bloated staff of salesmen not get a "MARKET ADJUSTMENT" just last year alone.
Anyone making $75,000 and above should not receive a raise unless they teach at least ONE CLASS per day. This will solve most but not all problems.
Thank you for bringing up the Morgan Freedam. After work I started watching old videos of him on YouTube. Schools should be local and under local control. Education starts in the home and individuals are responsible for own education and actions. It has made me look at myself and beliefs. Federal intrusion of schools, needs to stop. The Arnie Duncans, Jeb bushes of the world need to go away. Raleigh needs to stay out of local decisions. We can talk about the Federal Reserves later... But they may need to go as well. I remember when I was a young child in the 80s watching him give a talk. What a smart man.
Giving a raise of $1500 to all CMS teachers would, by my math, cost a bit over $20 million.
Cutting salaries or central office staff won't come close to $20 million. Say all you want about the bureaucracy, but finding $20 million isn't nearly as easy as anyone thinks. CMS' budget is pretty public, look through it and find the $20 million and let us know.
Mecklenburg County is looking at a possible surplus, the knee jerk reaction is my taxes are too high, but why not use those funds to help make up some of the lost pay teachers have experienced?
They don't seem to have the guts to go through with that, but we'll see.
The state has already lowered expectation and set up excuses for why they won't be able to find money for teachers.
So what else is there? Many teachers still won't resign because at the end of the day they like their job and the state knows that and is banking on it to skate through another session.
The impact will really be seen 5 or so years from now when the pendulum has swung back and the Democrats get control of the legislature and they'll get the blame for the awful state of affairs. Isn't politics fun?
All at the expense of public education. All because our perception is public schools are awful.
While we are talking about the budget - how are the assistants being treated. They lost hours and days last year. It is very difficult to find time to give the instructional assistants directions on how and what to do if the assistants are walking in with the children - due to the wonderful time clock. We use to be able to spend time on work days giving assistants professional development and instruction on the newest best practices to use when they help the children. Oh, yeah - it is the bottom line - not the children!!
No but its a start. I am sure Raleigh has plenty that can be cut. Even the governor could use a slim down. He gave a raise to bureaucrats already making 6 figure's. We can also look at administration pay, and so on. How about teachers that don't actually have classes. Didn't an administrator not to long ago get a 14000 dollar raise for adjusted BS. Mabey if Bev didn't raid the education lottery and Tillis didn't give golden parachutes to cronies caught up in sex triangles with lobbyists we would have more money. Point is, teachers are our sons, daughters, aunt, uncle's and so on. We all know teachers , its a tough thankless job. I don't have a problem paying them more. I would pay higher taxes if I thought teachers would get the money. They don't, politicians and bureaucrats do. They fund their pet projects and pay their friends.
Anne,
Please do a study on each person who is in the central office of CMS. Exactly what do they do as part of their job. It seems that the central office staff are now the 1% and the teachers are the low life's of the BLOATED central office staff!
"Cutting salaries or central office staff won't come close to $20 million."
From my experience in a highly volatile industry (engineering and construction), when salaries and jobs are cut properly there are additional savings from wasteful projects those people were often engaged in.
This is especially true of "pet" projects that almost every bureaucracy generates for various reasons.
I wouldn't be surprised if the same is true at CMS.
I don't know what the multiplier effect is, but I'm fairly sure there will be one.
Whatever the multiplier, it's still a good place to start.
I still think smaller, less centralized districts make more sense, though.
Costs follow a U-shaped curve on district size...
So, past an optimum size, costs go up.
Many studies out there show that the optimum size for a school DISTRICT is less than 5000.
Again, just google it. Plenty of studies on this.
None that I've seen say that gargantuan school districts (100K+ students) are very efficient.
Anon 9:16pm.
I just recently stumbled upon the old Milton Friedman stuff myself and was surprised to see just how relevant his thoughts from 30 years ago are today.
A lot of what he said made good sense.
Even in that one article I posted from 1979/80.
His foundation is still around keeping his ideas alive, but I don't think anyone really listens much anyway or we might have done something decades ago.
As usual, we'll just continue like lemmings off a cliff.
(Personally, though, I'm working on Plan B...)
6:27
I pay over $8,400 a year for healthcare. What's your point?
Perhaps as a taxpayer, I should insist your nephew and other teachers come more in line with many of us in the private sector who pay more for healthcare AND pay their salaries?
What about Obamacare? How could ANYONE complain about healthcare with such a wonderful law? Didn't Obamacare make your nephew's healthcare costs go down?
I also work more days per year than your nephew.
I've said many times teachers deserve to get back what they have lost and then some. The money is there, it depends on how much of the bloated bureaucracy at CMS or state government we take it from.
Just as a jumping off point on discussions of school district size:
http://whatsupwiththat.nancyjester.com/2013/10/14/572/
This is one person's response to Georgia's attempt to consolidate their smaller districts into larger ones.
It has a few references.
Even a study done years ago in NC.
Of course, there are probably hundreds of such studies out there saying pretty much the same thing over and over.
If anyone has a disconfirming study showing that gargantuan school districts like CMS are more effective, I'd like to read it.
I'd say someone needs to add breaking up CMS into smaller pieces into the teacher pay discussion, though.
That being said, teachers do need a raise,I have been looking at salaries online, pathetic.
As a teacher, I am working on plan B as well. I am looking into the state of Indiana. Good luck with yours..
My point was, low pay and high health insurance, makes life even more difficult. No one is a fan of Obama care Mr. Wiley. I a pay less for my health insurance and it's 80/20. We are all not on a liberal crusade sir. Many conservatives later like myself are disappointed in the way teachers are being treated in this state. Who knows how many hours teachers work, they have the big bulky tote bags for a reason.
From what I have read and heard, that's all teachers are asking for. For some reason, no matter who is elected, the people in Raleigh are not getting the point. I do not see a difference between Mcory or Beverly as it pertains to education. It's like Jeb Bush and Obama. I believe most people in this state, regardless of political preference agree with giving it teachers what they have lost and move on.
11:03Am,
I think there is a slight difference between the current governor and the previous governor regarding public education. Perdue did not take things away from teachers and neither did she insult them by advocating for charter schools and vouchers as McCrory has done. However, I have not given up on this governor by any means, I am hopeful that he will follow through with what he has been saying, and do more for our teachers.
I would agree with the previous post, many people whether Democrat or Republican, want to see our public school teachers treated with more respect and as a valued part of our society.
I agree with 11:03. Teachers should get back what they lost. Blaming them for all the woes of education is foolish. Mabey tonight at the senate debate someone will stand up. I am all for getting rid of government waste, I don't believe teachers are a waste.
As a teacher, vouchers do not bother me. I believe in school choice and think education starts at home. I have never heard any of my peers say different. Vouchers, school choice and curriculum are not up to us. Theses decisions should be made on a local level by elected officials. I believe county school districts are to large and common core is crap. I regrettably voted for Tillis and Mcory. I have some hope for Mcory but not much. I do believe he is a RINO like J bush and Tillis. I do fear the young bright talent leaving our schools. I am also saddened by the 30 something's, struggling to make ends meet with a family. They are the teacher most in need of raises. Good luck NC and God bless.
Since some of my children's teachers have left mid school year, I have started paying attention to teacher pay. As I have been reading articles about the increase to new teacher pay for recruiting purposes I noticed the steps for teachers pay is on CMS web page as well as the states. If a new teacher from out of state read's the frozen teacher pay program believing they are going to receive experience increases and find out their in no plan for paying teacher... Are we lying to out of state recruits? Can you imagine? Has NC fallen this low? Ann, why does the state and CMS recruit with steps they know will never be honored? Could you look into this?
There is not a plan. Sorry. Busy
http://www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/fbs/finance/salary/schedules/2013-14schedules.pdf
Despicable, absolutely despicable, how low will Pat go?
4:21, that's a good question. I think what they'd say is that what's posted does represent the current pay plan -- if you're hired with 10 years experience you can look up the salary for that level. And since the step plan hasn't been eliminated or replaced, in theory teachers should move up a step in coming years. But you're right that there doesn't seem to be much momentum for funding next steps.
Welcome to NC, did you think this is what you would be making, bless your heart....
Its lying.. What about masters pay? How does that work for new recruits?
There is no fine print. No disclaimer at all. That is rotten.
In 1989, my starting salary in Maryland as a lateral entry high school dance teacher - with a masters degree - was approximately $31,500.
I'm currently re-entering the full-time workforce after being a stay-at-home mom armed with a second B.A. in K-6 Elementary Education that I will receive this May through a post-baccalaureate program offered at Belmont Abbey College.
As much as I love North Carolina and the ideal of teachers being public servants in their communities, I'd be foolish not to apply for teaching positions in the Palmetto State as well as positions offered through the growing number of charter schools which - I'm discovering - often pay more than an entry level position in CMS.
The Courage to Teach.
Alicia
Alicia,
Why WOULDN'T you look in SC and alternate channels of teaching?
That's the free market system at its best. It's putting forth your talents and knowledge to garner the maximum you can for those attributes.
Why do you think people choose to live just across the border and work in Mecklenburg County? Or across the border in Union County?
They make the same type choice for their kid's education, well-being plus enjoy a lower cost of living.
Ann said, "And since the step plan hasn't been eliminated or replaced, in theory teachers should move up a step in coming years. But you're right that there doesn't seem to be much momentum for funding next steps."
In theory yes, but in fact there has NOT been ANY movement up the steps in several years. When you are hired, you are told what your hiring salary is. Period. There is no discussion about steps, schedules, etc. Some systems offer a supplement, but it doesn't move up in steps either. It's very deceptive.
It's funny, SC truly have a tea party governor. They do not have common core and teachers are paid what they were promised. The difference between Astro turf and grass. Did any one watch the debate?
As much as Tillis drives me nuts for his lack of support for pay increase's, I'll vote for him over Kay!
While you may find it hard to believe, Arne and Obama are pushing charter schools, vouchers, and pay for performance. They aggressively pushed Common Core. Do you know what Race To The Top is all about?
Kay will do no different for teachers. A lot of lip service, and maybe a few token actions. Democrats have long been known for falsely leading teachers, minorities and others to keep their voting base and keeping in power.
It will be 7 years without a step.. Come on, be honest NC. What if a teacher graduates from Pittsburgh university, witch requires teachers to earn masters, do they get masters pay? What's going on with the 25%? Who's on first? I am with Wiley, leaving to another market is the only option. If you have less then 15, go. Around 20, stay and then, retire and double dip in SC. If you are out of state or in college, it would be dumb to teach here. Good luck teachers. Have fun cleaning pools, mowing lawns, serving drinks, cleaning bathrooms and loading luggage.
North Carolina
48th in teacher pay.
First in teacher flight.
Alicia
Ann: This is the turnover rate and the five year average.
District 2013 turnover 5-year average
Lincoln 9.8% 9.11%
Catawba 11.35% 10.09%
Kannapolis 11.75% 10.81%
Wake 12.1% 11.34%
Mooresville 12.31% 10.53%
Iredell 12.68% 10.37%
Guilford 12.9% 11.58%
Cabarrus 13% 10.02%
Gaston 13.55% 10.7%
Union 14.35% 12.49%
CMS 15.99% 13.87%
Hickory 17% 13.27%
Newton-Conover 19.1% 12.3%
Read more here: http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/12/05/4521912/cms-teacher-turnover-hits-10-year.html#storylink=cpy
Can you get the age of each of these Teachers who left. I did so for some of these schools and it seems the older more experienced Teachers who could have retired, held on for a few more years to see if they could help out.
I admire them for doing that as I do our friend who went back to help.
I have not seen how retirement fits in these numbers. Note Hickory and Newton-Conover have such outrageous rates, especially since they are in such dire straights as far as employment.
One might wonder if we took out retirement what these numbers might look like.
Alicia,
My momma told me, you better shop around...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQGXa3FiXKM
Anon 8:19pm.
Are you sure SC doesn't use Common Core?
https://ed.sc.gov/agency/programs-services/190/
And from a recent EdWeek article:
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/04/23/29cc-backlash.h33.html
Resistance to the Common Core Mounts
Even in South Carolina, where GOP Gov. Nikki Haley has been one of the few Republican chief executives to voice outright opposition to the common standards, a piece of legislation initially written to scrap the standards was amended to eliminate that repeal provision before it was approved by a Senate committee.
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I think CC is still alive in SC.
I could be wrong, I will ask my buddy who just left CMS to teach in SC.
Raleigh just had an article about teacher flight. I believe it was 600 teachers left midyear, compared to 400 last year. I think the big losses will be this summer. Most of the changes from last summers legislation came to late for teachers to move. I know many teachers have been looking over this school year. I also have as friend who is retiring earlier then she wanted to. I don't blame this summer legislation for all the trouble but it may be the straw that broke the camels back.
I would have been fine with this summers changes if they would have reinstated teacher pay. Regardless of belief in masters pay, or career statues, this summer was bad timing. 7 years of frozen pay. It was bad timing, sent the wrong message and it showed poor leadership. I am a constitutionalists. Teachers are not the enemy. The people of NC overwhelming think teachers should be paid more. I would of rather seen limits on non instructional staff. The end to common core. Stop pushing teachers around and make real changes.
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